PRP

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a concentrate of platelets in plasma derived from a patient’s own blood. It is prepared by drawing blood and concentrating platelets through centrifugation, yielding plasma with a higher-than-baseline platelet count. Processing methods vary: single- or double-spin protocols, different durations, and the possible use of anticoagulants during handling. In some protocols, the product is activated with agents such as calcium chloride or thrombin before administration.

PRP contains growth factors and cytokines released from platelets, including PDGF, TGF-β, VEGF, and IGF-1. These mediators are thought to influence wound healing, inflammation, and tissue regeneration by promoting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix formation. The specific biological effects depend on PRP formulation, activation status, and the tissue being treated.

PRP is used across several medical disciplines. In orthopedics and sports medicine, it is employed for tendinopathies, ligament injuries, and, in some settings, knee osteoarthritis. In dermatology and cosmetic medicine, it is used for facial rejuvenation, scar remodeling, and treatment of hair loss. In dentistry, PRP may aid bone and soft tissue healing after procedures. PRP can be delivered via injections or applied to wounds or surgical sites, often in combination with other therapies.

Evidence regarding efficacy is mixed. Some randomized trials report modest benefits, while others show little to no advantage over placebo or standard care. Outcomes appear influenced by PRP type (leukocyte-rich vs. leukocyte-poor), preparation method, activation, and target condition. Safety is generally favorable, with adverse events typically limited to local pain, swelling, or infection risk from the injection procedure; systemic effects are rare. Regulatory status varies by country, commonly treating PRP as an autologous biological product with varying oversight.