Mikroprosessori

Mikroprosessori, commonly referred to as a microprocessor, is the central processing unit of a computer implemented on a single integrated circuit. It executes the instructions of programs by performing basic operations such as arithmetic, data movement, and control flow. A microprocessor typically includes an arithmetic logic unit, a control unit, and a set of registers, and it interfaces with memory and peripherals through a system bus or on-chip interconnect.

Historically, the first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, released in 1971, followed by a rapid evolution toward greater word size, performance, and complexity. Over time processors moved from simple, single-chip devices to more powerful 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit architectures. Distinguishing trends include the shift from CISC (complex instruction set computing) to RISC (reduced instruction set computing) designs, the use of pipelining and caches, and the rise of multi-core processors.

Modern microprocessors implement a range of architectural features such as instruction pipelines, cache hierarchies (L1, L2, and sometimes L3), memory management units, branch prediction, and often integrated graphics or accelerators. They support various instruction set architectures, with x86, ARM, and MIPS among the most widespread. Performance is influenced by clock speed, instructions per cycle, cache efficiency, and parallel execution capabilities.

Microprocessors are used in a wide array of devices, from personal computers and servers to embedded systems, smartphones, and Internet of Things sensors. In many cases, the processor is part of a system-on-chip (SoC) that combines CPU cores with memory, graphics, input/output controllers, and other components on a single chip.

Industry trends emphasize smaller process nodes, energy efficiency, heterogeneous computing, and integration of specialized accelerators. Ongoing development focuses on improving performance per watt, security, and reliability to meet the demands of modern computing across consumer, industrial, and scientific applications.