interconnect

Interconnect is a link or interface that enables communication between components, systems, or networks. The term can refer to physical wiring and connectors, software interfaces, or the logical pathways that carry data. In engineering, interconnect describes the networks that join devices and subsystems to form a complete system.

In integrated circuits and computer hardware, interconnect denotes the wiring that connects transistors and blocks within a chip, on a motherboard, or across a backplane. IC interconnect typically uses metal layers (often copper) and insulating dielectrics. Its design affects speed, power, and size because resistance, capacitance, and inductance create delays and heat. Manufacturing challenges include electromigration, crosstalk, and the push toward smaller geometries and new materials. Advanced packaging and 3D integration use technologies such as through-silicon vias (TSVs) and microbumps to increase connectivity between chips.

In networking and data centers, interconnect refers to the links that connect networks, servers, and storage. This includes fiber-optic cables, switches, routers, and interconnection fabrics. High-performance interconnects enable peering at internet exchange points and internal data-center fabrics (leaf-spine architectures) to move data efficiently between servers and storage. Standards and technologies include Ethernet, PCIe as a system interconnect for components, USB, SATA, and HDMI in peripheral contexts.

Interconnect also covers packaging and fabrication methods, such as wire bonding, flip-chip, and TSVs used to connect chips to packages or interposer substrates in 2.5D/3D stacking.