Lycosa

Lycosa is a genus of spiders in the family Lycosidae, commonly known as wolf spiders, and it serves as the type genus of the family. The name derives from the Greek lykos, meaning wolf. Species in this genus are terrestrial hunters rather than web builders and are found in a wide range of habitats worldwide.

Members of Lycosa are medium to large, robust spiders with strong legs and a compact cephalothorax. They exhibit the characteristic lycosid eye arrangement: eight eyes in three rows, with two large anterior median eyes that provide relatively acute daytime vision for a ground-hunting lifestyle. Coloration varies but is generally brown to gray with dorsal patterns that aid camouflage in leaf litter or soil.

Distribution and habitat: Lycosa species occur across many regions of the world, especially temperate and some tropical zones. They inhabit fields, grasslands, forests, and sometimes human-modified environments. They are primarily ground-dwelling hunters, stalking or ambushing prey such as insects and other small arthropods; they may use silk to construct retreats and as safety draglines.

Reproduction and behavior: Females carry their egg sacs attached to the spinnerets and later shelter the young on their backs during early development. This maternal care is a notable feature of many Lycosidae.

Taxonomy: Traditionally many large, conspicuous species were placed in Lycosa, but molecular and morphological studies have reassigned numerous species to other genera (for example Pardosa, Trochosa, Alopecosa). Lycosa tarantula is a historic species linked to the tarantula name, which originates from Taranto, Italy.

Human context: Bites from Lycosa species are uncommon and generally not dangerous to humans; they are not considered a major medical risk.