backs

The back, or dorsal region, is the posterior portion of the trunk in humans and many animals. It extends from the neck to the pelvis and includes the vertebral column, the spinal cord and its nerve roots, the surrounding muscles, ligaments, and skin. The spine is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions, with intervertebral discs between the vertebrae that cushion the spine. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the body’s weight, and allows a range of movements.

Muscles of the back are often described as superficial and deep. Superficial muscles include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, and levator scapulae, which help move and stabilize the shoulder girdle. Deep stabilizers, such as the erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) and the multifidus, contribute to posture and spinal alignment. The back works with abdominal and hip muscles to enable bending, twisting, lifting, and maintaining balance.

Common conditions affecting the back include back pain (a common, often nonspecific problem), degenerative disc disease, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and spinal curvature disorders such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. Causes range from acute injury and repetitive strain to chronic degeneration and age-related changes. Diagnosis relies on medical history, physical examination, and imaging (X-ray, MRI, or CT as needed).

Treatment is typically conservative and includes rest as needed, physical therapy, exercise, pain relievers, and injections. Surgery may be considered for certain structural problems or persistent neurological symptoms. Prevention emphasizes core strengthening, proper lifting, good posture, ergonomic work practices, and maintaining a healthy weight.