Females

Females are individuals of the biological sex that typically produces ova. In humans and many other species, females are capable of bearing offspring or laying eggs, depending on the reproductive strategy of the species. The usual human chromosomal pattern is two X chromosomes, but sex development varies, and intersex conditions occur when chromosomal or anatomical characteristics do not fit typical definitions.

In humans, female anatomy commonly includes ovaries, fallopian tubes, a uterus, and a vagina, along with secondary sexual characteristics influenced by hormones such as estrogens and progesterone. Puberty triggers hormonal changes that prepare the body for reproductive capability and lead to physical and sexual maturation.

In mammals, females may become pregnant and may lactate to feed offspring; in other species different reproductive modes exist. Across species, the timing and expression of sexual development are shaped by genetics, hormones, nutrition, and environment.

Demographically, females comprise roughly half of human populations. Life expectancy for females is higher on average in many regions, though health outcomes and access to care vary. Female-specific health considerations include menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, and disorders of the reproductive system.

Socially, discussions about females intersect with the concepts of sex and gender, with recognition of intersex variations and respect for individual identities.