Kadou

Kadou, also written kadō, is the Japanese art of flower arrangement, commonly referred to as ikebana. The term 花道 literally translates as "the way of flowers" and designates a discipline that seeks harmony between nature, space, and the observer. Kadou emphasizes seasonality, balance, and line, often conveying a mood or spirit rather than a mere display of blooms.

Kadou evolved from ancient Chinese ritual offerings and Heian court practices, gaining formal development during the Muromachi and Edo periods. The Ikenobo school, founded in the 15th century, is widely regarded as the oldest and influential in shaping canonical forms and terminology. Other major schools include Ohara and Sogetsu, each presenting distinct pedagogies and stylistic emphases, from classical to modern, improvisational approaches.

Practice centers on balance, line, and space. Traditional arrangements often employ three principal lines symbolizing heaven, humanity, and earth—shin, soe, and tai. Classical forms include Rikka, a complex, multi-branch style, and Shoka, a more streamlined version. Modern practice expands with Moribana and free-form styles. Tools such as the kenzan (spiked frog) and containers like suiban (shallow trays) or moribana containers support the material selection and seasonal expression.

Kadou remains taught in schools and dojos around the world, performed in galleries and cultural events, and integrated with contemporary design. It persists as a prominent aspect of Japanese culture, adapting to new materials and venues while retaining core values of proportion, restraint, and contemplation.

See also Ikebana; Chado (Japanese tea ceremony); Japanese aesthetics.