heaven

Heaven is a term used in many cultures and traditions to describe a transcendent realm or state associated with the divine, the afterlife, or ultimate happiness. The word derives from Old English heofon, related to German Himmel, historically linked with the sky or firmament before taking on meanings tied to a celestial or spiritual realm.

In Christianity, heaven is commonly understood as the dwelling place of God and the righteous after death; some traditions view the kingdom of heaven as both a present spiritual reality and a future hope. In Islam, paradise is called Jannah, described as a garden of bliss where believers are rewarded; entry is determined by faith and deeds. In Judaism, Shamayim denotes heaven as God’s celestial realm and the heavens above the earthly world, with diverse beliefs about afterlife and resurrection.

Other traditions describe multiple heavenly realms. In Hinduism, svarga lok or devaloka refers to temporary heavenly regions where good souls may reside before rebirth. In Buddhism, there are several heavens within samsara, inhabited by deities and long-lived beings, though liberation (nirvana) lies beyond these realms.

Secular and cultural usage extends the term beyond religion. Heaven can denote the sky or outer space, or be used metaphorically to indicate a state of peace, harmony, or happiness. Throughout history, the concept has served as a framework for explaining the afterlife, moral order, and the human longing for meaning.