flower

A flower is the reproductive structure of flowering plants (angiosperms). It is typically specialized to produce gametes and, after fertilization, to develop seeds within a fruit. Flowers are often organized in four concentric whorls: sepals (calyx), petals (corolla), stamens (androecium) with anthers and filaments, and carpels (gynoecium) composed of stigma, style, and ovary. Many flowers, however, vary in size and may lack one or more parts. Some flowers are perfect, containing both male and female organs, while others are unisexual; many species are monoecious or dioecious.

Pollination, the transfer of pollen to a compatible stigma, is a central function of flowers. It is accomplished by biotic agents such as insects, birds, and bats, or by abiotic means such as wind or water. Following fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary often matures into a fruit that protects and disperses the seeds. Not all flowers require animal pollinators; some rely on self-pertilization or wind.

Flowers exhibit vast diversity in form, color, scent, and blooming time, reflecting adaptations to different environments and pollinators. They are ecologically important as signals that attract pollinators and as a source of food for many organisms. For humans, flowering plants are crucial in agriculture for fruits, seeds, and crops, and are widely cultivated as ornamentals and in perfumes and medicines. The term “flower” derives from Latin flos, meaning bloom or blossom.