zebras

Zebras are African mammals in the horse family known for their distinctive black-and-white stripes. They are herbivores and are closely related to horses and donkeys, occupying a variety of habitats across eastern and southern Africa.

There are three extant zebra species: plains zebra (Equus quagga), mountain zebra (Equus zebra), and Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi). Plains zebras tend to have broad black-and-white stripes covering most of the body, while Grevy's zebra has narrower stripes and relatively large ears. Mountain zebras have a somewhat different pattern, with a more limited, bolder stripe layout and a distinctive neck and shoulder pattern.

The purpose of zebra stripes is the subject of ongoing study, with several hypotheses proposed. Stripes may help with camouflage in dappled light, confuse predators during movement, aid social recognition, reduce heat stress, or deter biting insects. The pattern is produced during embryonic development and is generally considered to reflect underlying skin color.

Zebras are highly social and typically live in groups. Plains zebras form stable harems led by a dominant stallion, and multiple harems may join into larger herds with bachelor males present at times. Grevy’s and mountain zebras tend to form smaller, more fluid groups. They are grazing herbivores that prefer grasses and can drink water daily or less often depending on availability.

Reproduction varies by species and environment. Breeding can occur year-round or seasonally, with a gestation period of about 12 to 13 months. Foals can stand shortly after birth and are usually weaned after several months. Lifespan in the wild is typically around 20 to 25 years.

Conservation status varies by species: plains zebras are listed as least concern, mountain zebras as near threatened, and Grevy’s zebras as endangered. Major threats include habitat loss, poaching for hides, and competition with livestock.