Mountain

Mountains are landforms that rise prominently above their surroundings, typically with a defined summit and steep slopes. They can occur individually, in ranges, or as isolated peaks, and are often subject to strong weathering and erosion. There is no universal height or prominence criterion, but many definitions consider a mountain to be at least several hundred meters tall and sufficiently prominent relative to surrounding terrain.

Geologically, mountains are created by tectonic forces that deform the crust through uplift and folding (orogenic belts), faulting, and volcanic activity. Common processes include continental collision forming fold mountains (e.g., the Himalayas), crustal blocks being raised along faults (fault-block mountains), and volcanic activity building volcanic cones. Erosion and glacial action modify mountains over time, shaping peaks and valleys.

Mountain ranges host diverse climates and ecosystems due to altitude, aspect, and microclimates. Vegetation zones shift with elevation, creating habitats from forests to alpine tundra. Many mountains influence regional climate patterns and serve as catchment areas for rivers.

Humans have long lived in mountain regions for resources, transport routes, and cultural significance. Mountains offer recreation such as hiking, climbing, and skiing, and they host biodiversity hotspots and watersheds that supply fresh water to downstream communities.

Notable peaks include Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth above sea level; Denali, Kilimanjaro, Aconcagua, and Elbrus, among others. While heights are commonly reported, elevation alone does not fully capture a mountain's character, which is often described by prominence and isolation.