deform

Deform is a transitive verb meaning to alter the shape or structure of something, typically in a way that spoils or distorts its original form. It can describe physical changes to objects, such as metal bent by pressure, as well as figurative changes, such as language, policies, or interpretations that lose their intended meaning or function. The related noun forms are deformation (the process or result of deforming) and deformity (an abnormal or impaired shape or structure).

Etymology traces deform to Latin deformare, from de- meaning away and forma meaning form. The term entered English in the Middle Ages and is distinct from reform, which implies improvement or restoration rather than damage or distortion.

In science and engineering, deformation refers to the change in an object’s shape or size under applied forces. It can be elastic, in which the material returns to its original shape when the force is removed, or plastic, in which the change is permanent. The study of deformation involves concepts such as stress, strain, and elasticity, and is central to fields like materials science, structural engineering, and geophysics.

In biology and medicine, deformity describes an abnormal shape or structure that can affect function and may be congenital or acquired. In computer graphics and animation, deforming refers to algorithms that modify a model’s geometry, enabling effects such as morphing, rigging, or sculpting.

See also: deformation, deformity, distort.