pragmatists

Pragmatists are adherents of pragmatism, a philosophical tradition that evaluates meaning, truth, and belief by their practical consequences and usefulness. The movement emerged in the United States in the late 19th century and was pioneered by Charles Sanders Peirce, who formulated the pragmatic maxim; William James, who emphasized the role of experience and belief as a guide to action; and John Dewey, who applied pragmatic ideas to education, democracy, and social reform. Over time, pragmatism has been interpreted in different ways, ranging from Peirce's logical-epistemological program to James's pluralist, experiential approach and Dewey's program of experimental inquiry.

Core ideas include the view that truth is not a fixed correspondence with an isolated reality but a quality of ideas that proves useful in guiding action. Meaning arises in practical contexts; knowledge is a tool for problem solving rather than a mirror of the world. Pragmatists generally endorse fallibilism—the possibility that beliefs may be revised in light of experience—and stress the role of inquiry, communication, and social collaboration. They often favor anti-foundationalism, skepticism about absolute certainties, and a commitment to democratic deliberation.

In the 20th century, pragmatism influenced a range of fields from philosophy of science to education, law, and public policy. Later figures such as Richard Rorty, Hilary Putnam, and others expanded or revised the tradition, sometimes emphasizing discourse and solidarity over strict epistemology. Contemporary pragmatists continue to debate the balance between individual judgment and social consequence, the nature of truth, and the role of language in shaping experience.