perfektsionism

Perfektsionism is a psychological tendency characterized by setting excessively high standards and a preoccupation with flawless performance, often accompanied by persistent self-criticism and a strong fear of making mistakes.

Most models describe perfektsionism as multi-dimensional. It can be adaptive or healthy when it motivates achievement, but it is often maladaptive when it leads to distress and impairments. Key dimensions commonly include self-oriented standards, socially prescribed expectations, and, in some models, other-oriented demands.

Contributing factors include genetic predisposition, parenting that emphasizes achievement, cultural pressures for success, and cognitive patterns such as dichotomous thinking and overgeneralization. These elements can reinforce the belief that worth is contingent on flawless performance.

Impact is mixed. Adaptive perfektsionism can promote thorough work and organization, but maladaptive perfektsionism is associated with anxiety, depression, burnout, obsessive-compulsive tendencies, and maladaptive eating patterns, as well as avoidance and procrastination due to fear of failure.

Assessment relies on standardized scales, notably the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and Hewitt and Flett's Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, which measure various facets such as concern over mistakes, personal standards, and perceived parental or societal pressure.

Treatment focuses on reducing self-critical thought, restructuring unrealistic standards, and cultivating self-compassion. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and mindfulness-based approaches have shown promise, often combined with gradual exposure to imperfect outcomes and goal revision.