Cognitivebehavioral

Cognitive-behavioral, often abbreviated as cognitive-behavioral, refers to a family of psychological theories and treatments that address emotional and behavioral problems by targeting both thoughts and actions. The approach stems from mid-20th-century work that linked cognition, emotion, and behavior, and it forms the basis of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and related modalities. The central premise is that maladaptive thinking patterns contribute to distress, and that changing thoughts and behaviors can reduce symptoms and improve functioning.

Core ideas include the reciprocal relationship among thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; cognitive restructuring to challenge distortions; behavioral techniques such as activity scheduling, skills training, problem solving, and exposure to feared situations; and homework that promotes practice outside of sessions.

Common modalities include CBT, which integrates cognitive techniques with behavioral strategies; dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) with emphasis on emotional regulation; and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). Techniques such as exposure and response prevention (ERP) are used for obsessive-compulsive disorder, while behavioral activation targets depressive symptoms.

Applications span anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, OCD, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, and a wide range of other concerns. CBT is supported by extensive evidence and is often recommended as a first-line treatment in guidelines, with adaptations for children, older adults, and diverse cultural groups.

Limitations include the requirement for active participant engagement and homework, variable access to trained therapists, and the need to tailor approaches to individual circumstances. Ongoing research explores digital and remote delivery, integration with biological and pharmacological treatments, and culturally informed adaptations.