impairments

Impairment refers to any loss or abnormality of body structure or physiological or psychological function. Impairments can be temporary or permanent and may result from injury, disease, congenital conditions, or aging. In clinical use, impairment describes the medical condition itself, while disability describes the impact on a person’s ability to perform activities and participate in society. The term handicap is largely historical and less preferred in contemporary usage.

Common categories include physical impairments affecting mobility or musculoskeletal function; sensory impairments such as vision or hearing loss; cognitive impairments involving memory, attention, or executive function; intellectual and developmental impairments; and mental health impairments. The severity and duration of an impairment vary widely among individuals and may change over time.

Assessment relies on medical evaluation, functional assessments, and patient-reported outcomes. In the World Health Organization framework, impairment is one element of a broader construct called functioning, alongside activity limitations and participation restrictions. Environmental and personal factors can mitigate or exacerbate the impact of an impairment, influencing how disability is experienced in daily life.

Societal responses include medical management, rehabilitation, and accommodations in education, work, and public life. Legislation in many countries aims to remove barriers and promote equal opportunities, including accessibility standards, assistive technologies, and inclusive practices. Terminology continues to evolve toward person-centered language that emphasizes participation, rights, and individualized support.