paracetamol

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen in the United States and Canada, is a widely used over-the-counter medication for the relief of pain and fever. It belongs to the class of drugs known as non-opioid analgesics and antipyretics, meaning it is effective in reducing pain and lowering body temperature. Paracetamol is one of the most commonly used drugs globally due to its safety profile when used as directed, particularly for children and adults who cannot tolerate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

The chemical name for paracetamol is *N*-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide, and it was first synthesized in 1877 but was not recognized for its medicinal properties until the 1950s. It works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) in the central nervous system, which reduces the production of prostaglandins—chemical messengers that play a role in pain and fever. Unlike NSAIDs, paracetamol has minimal anti-inflammatory effects and does not significantly affect the cardiovascular or gastrointestinal systems when taken at recommended doses.

Paracetamol is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, liquids, and suppositories, making it suitable for different age groups and administration methods. Common uses include treating headaches, muscle aches, arthritis pain, toothaches, colds, and fevers. It is often combined with other ingredients, such as caffeine or decongestants, to enhance its effects. However, it is important to follow dosage instructions carefully, as excessive intake can lead to liver damage, even at doses slightly above the recommended amount. Symptoms of overdose may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and in severe cases, liver failure.

While generally safe, paracetamol can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, and caution should be exercised by those with pre-existing liver disease or alcohol dependence. It is also contraindicated in people with a rare genetic condition called G6PD deficiency. As with any medication, consulting a healthcare professional before use is advised, especially for those with underlying health conditions or those taking other medications.