overdose

An overdose occurs when a person consumes a substance in an amount that overwhelms the body's ability to metabolize it, causing harm and potentially death. Overdoses can be accidental or intentional and may involve prescription medicines, over-the-counter drugs, illicit substances, alcohol, or combinations.

Substances commonly implicated include opioids, benzodiazepines, alcohol, stimulants, acetaminophen, and other central nervous system depressants. Risk is increased by polypharmacy, chronic illness, age, and exposure to potent synthetic opioids such as fentanyl.

Signs vary by substance but may include extreme drowsiness or unconsciousness, slowed or stopped breathing, blue lips, vomiting, seizures, confusion, or chest pain. Opioid overdoses often show pinpoint pupils.

Emergency treatment is essential. Call emergency services. If trained, administer naloxone to suspected opioid overdoses, and provide basic life support as needed while awaiting professional care.

In hospital, treatment focuses on reversing the drug's effects, supporting respiration and circulation, and treating complications. Some overdoses result in lasting organ damage or death; others recover with timely care and follow-up for substance use disorders.

Prevention includes proper medication management, safe storage, avoiding mixing substances, using medicines as prescribed, and seeking help for substance use. Public health efforts address risk factors to reduce overdose deaths.