suppositories

Suppositories are solid dosage forms designed to be inserted into body orifices, where they dissolve or melt to release an active drug or provide local relief. They are typically composed of an active pharmaceutical ingredient embedded in a base that is inert and well tolerated by the body. The choice of base influences release and melting characteristics; common bases include lipophilic fats such as cocoa butter and glycerinated gelatin, and hydrophilic vehicles such as polyethylene glycol (PEG).

Suppositories are used by rectal, vaginal, and urethral routes. Rectal are most common, delivering systemic medication or acting locally as laxatives or anti-inflammatories. Vaginal suppositories treat infections, irritation, or hormones, and can provide systemic absorption. Urethral suppositories are rare.

Medicinal suppositories deliver local or systemic effects. Examples include laxatives (bisacodyl, glycerin), analgesics or antipyretics, antiemetics, and antifungal or anti-inflammatory preparations for local use. Nonmedicated types serve lubrication or moisture management, e.g., in vaginal dryness products.

Administration requires insertion with a lubricated finger or applicator after washing hands. They are typically stored at controlled temperatures and protected from heat; some bases require refrigeration.

Adverse effects are usually limited to local irritation or allergy, and serious events are rare but possible with improper use or overdose. Suppositories may be unsuitable in cases of rectal disease with bleeding or infection unless advised by a clinician.