orchestras

An orchestra is a large instrumental ensemble that performs written music, typically in the symphonic repertoire. The core is the string section—violins, violas, cellos, and double basses—supplemented by woodwinds, brass, and percussion. Many works also require harp, keyboard, or additional players.

A conductor directs the ensemble, shaping tempo, dynamics, and phrasing. The concertmaster, usually the principal violinist, leads the string section and coordinates with the conductor. Rehearsals focus on balance, intonation, and unity, while performances realize the composer’s intention.

Orchestras arose in the early modern period. Baroque court and church ensembles evolved into the modern symphony orchestra in the Classical era, with Vienna as a leading center. The Romantic era expanded size and expression, and the 20th century introduced broader timbres and new techniques. Modern orchestras vary from large metropolitan ensembles of about 70–100 players to chamber orchestras of 15–50.

Programming typically includes symphonies, concertos, overtures, and tone poems, as well as contemporary works and collaborations with other arts. They perform in concert halls, opera houses, and festival venues, often with guest conductors and soloists, and may participate in recordings and tours.

Most orchestras are nonprofit organizations funded by ticket sales, sponsorship, government or foundation support, and donations. They employ principal players and sections through auditions, with seasons that combine rehearsals, performances, and educational programs.