orchestra

An orchestra is a large instrumental ensemble that performs a broad repertoire of orchestral music, from early baroque to contemporary works, and often accompanies stage productions such as opera or ballet. The core of an orchestra is the string section, with violins, violas, cellos, and double basses, complemented by woodwinds, brass, and percussion. Some orchestras also use keyboard instruments like piano or harp.

Orchestras are organized into four major families: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion, with the exact makeup depending on the repertoire and size. Common seating places strings in the center and front, woodwinds behind the strings, brass behind them, and percussion at the rear.

Typical sizes vary. A symphony orchestra often ranges from about 70 to over 100 players; chamber orchestras are smaller, around 15 to 50 players. A conductor leads the ensemble, guiding tempo, style, and interpretation, while a concertmaster, usually the lead violinist, coordinates tuning and bowing for the string section.

Repertoire includes symphonies, concertos, overtures, and tone poems, as well as smaller-scale works such as string ensembles and chamber arrangements. Orchestras arose in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, evolving with the rise of public concerts and patronage, with major centers like Vienna, Berlin, and London playing influential roles.

In the present day, orchestras vary in size and scope. The term “symphony orchestra” generally refers to a large ensemble; “chamber orchestra” denotes a smaller group, and names such as “philharmonic” or regional designations may accompany an ensemble. Many orchestras are nonprofit, funded by ticket sales, donations, government support, and sponsorships, and they frequently conduct auditions, educational outreach, and recording activities.