piano

The piano is a keyboard instrument that produces sound when a key is pressed, causing a hammer to strike one or more strings. The keyboard controls a mechanism that translates touch into dynamics, enabling a wide expressive range. In modern pianos, the standard range extends from A0 to C8 on 88 keys.

The instrument originated in Italy around 1700, credited to Bartolomeo Cristofori. The name pianoforte, later shortened to piano, reflects its ability to play softly and loudly. It evolved from earlier keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord and clavichord by adopting a hammer mechanism.

In a piano action, pressing a key lifts a wooden lever that triggers a hammer to strike strings. After release, the dampers mute the strings. The strings are housed in a wooden soundboard and framed in metal to withstand high tension. Modern pianos use a cast-iron frame and high-tension wire strings, and are tuned to standard pitch A440.

There are two main design families: grand pianos, with horizontal strings and enclosed action moving at the lid; and upright pianos, with vertical strings and compact cases. Most have three pedals: sustain, soft, and sostenuto, which modify the instrument's resonance and response.

Pianos support diverse repertoire, from Baroque to contemporary music, and are widely used in education, performance venues, and home settings. The instrument's versatility and tactile feedback have contributed to its central role in Western music.

Regular maintenance includes tuning, regulation, voicing, and humidity control to preserve tone and action. Professional services are typically required every year or two.