keyboard

A keyboard is a human input device that provides a set of keys to enter characters, commands, and other data into a computer, tablet, or other electronic device. It can be wired or wireless, using interfaces such as USB or Bluetooth, and may include features like backlighting, multimedia controls, and programmable keys.

Historically, keyboards evolved from mechanical typewriters and teletypes. The QWERTY layout, developed in the 1870s by Christopher Latham Sholes, was designed to reduce typewriter jams and became the standard for computer keyboards. In the late 20th century, keyboards shifted from primarily mechanical mechanisms to membrane and later to various switch types, offering different levels of tactile feedback and durability.

Layouts and form factors vary. The core layout is QWERTY, with common alternatives such as AZERTY, DVORAK, and Colemak. Physical configurations include full-size, tenkeyless (without a numeric keypad), compact, and split or ergonomic designs. ANSI and ISO refer to regional key arrangements and physical spacing. Keyboard technologies include membrane, scissor-switch, and mechanical switches, each offering distinct actuation feel and longevity.

Features and usage often include function keys, numeric keypads, media controls, and programmable macros. Some keyboards support wireless operation, backlighting, hotkeys, and software to customize layouts. They serve as primary input devices for typing and text entry, as well as for gaming, programming, and interfacing with peripheral devices. Accessibility considerations, such as key repeat rates and keyboard shortcuts, aim to improve usability for a wide range of users.