keyboards

A keyboard is an input device consisting of a set of keys that, when pressed, send signals to a computer or other electronic device to input characters, control programs, or trigger actions.

In computing, keyboards typically include alphanumeric keys, punctuation, modifiers (Shift, Ctrl, Alt), and special keys (Escape, Tab, Enter, Backspace). Key layouts vary; the most common is QWERTY, named after the first six letters on the top row. Other layouts include AZERTY and QWERTZ, used in certain countries, and alternative layouts like DVORAK and Colemak designed to improve typing efficiency.

There are several switch technologies: mechanical switches with individual microswitches under each key; membrane keyboards with a pressure-sensitive layer; scissor-switch keyboards used on many laptops; and capacitive or optical switches in some modern models. Mechanical keyboards are valued for durability and tactile feedback; membrane keyboards tend to be quieter and cheaper; scissor-switch are common in laptops.

Form factors vary: full-size with number pad, tenkeyless (no numeric keypad), and compact 60% and 65% keyboards. Connectivity includes wired USB and wireless Bluetooth. Some models feature ergonomics (split or tented layouts), hot-swappable switches, and backlighting.

History: The concept evolved from typewriter keyboards in the 19th century; the QWERTY layout was devised for typewriters to reduce key jams and later became standard for computers. The IBM PC keyboard layout standardized in the early 1980s; later models introduced variations such as the Model M mechanical keyboard (1980s–1990s) and contemporary ergonomic designs.

Music keyboards: In music, a keyboard refers to a piano-style keyboard used to play melodies and chords; electronic keyboards and MIDI keyboard controllers are used to control synthesizers and digital audio workstations.