conductor

Conductor is a term with several related meanings in science and the arts. In physics and engineering, a conductor is a material that permits electric current to flow with relatively little resistance. Electrical conductors typically have free electrons that move easily under an applied voltage; copper and aluminum are common examples. Conductivity is the inverse of resistivity and can be affected by temperature and material structure. Conductors are contrasted with insulators, which resist the flow of electricity. In addition to electrical conduction, some materials act as thermal conductors, transferring heat efficiently; metals are typically good thermal conductors, while plastics and woods are poor.

In music, a conductor (also called a maestro) is the person who directs an ensemble during performances and rehearsals. The conductor interprets the score, sets tempo, shapes phrasing and dynamics, and cues entries for individual sections and players. They communicate through baton use, hand gestures, facial expression, and eye contact, coordinating musicians to achieve a unified performance. Training often involves study in conducting technique, score analysis, and extensive ensemble experience.

Other uses include phrases such as a guiding influence in a process or organization; a power grid or electrical system can be described as having conductors and other components that transmit energy. The word originates from Latin conducere, meaning to lead or bring together.