navigasyonu

Navigasyonu is the Turkish term for navigation: the discipline and practice of determining a course and guiding the movement of vehicles, vessels, aircraft, or people from one point to another. It combines measurement, observation, and decision making to establish a route, estimate position, and monitor progress.

Historically, navigation relied on landmarks, celestial observations, and basic tools such as the compass, astrolabe, and charts. The invention of accurate clocks enabled celestial navigation across long sea voyages, and charting improved with printed maps. The 20th century saw the introduction of radio navigation aids, then satellite-based systems that provide precise global positioning and timing. Modern navigational practice often integrates multiple sources to improve reliability.

Mappings and navigation are practiced across domains: maritime navigation for ships and ports; aviation navigation for routes and airspace compliance; and terrestrial navigation for road and pedestrian movement. Digital navigation has become common through map-based services that provide route planning, turn-by-turn directions, traffic information, and real-time updates.

Key technologies include global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou; inertial navigation systems; dead reckoning; and electronic charts. Cartography, geographic information systems (GIS), and route-planning algorithms support decision making and optimization. Human factors, user interfaces, and localization are important to usability.

Applications range from everyday travel to logistics, aviation, maritime safety, search and rescue, and disaster response. Challenges include signal loss in urban canyons or underwater, sensing errors, cyber security risks, spoofing or jamming, and the need to balance efficiency with safety and privacy.