kirurgiad

Kirurgiad, or surgeries, are medical procedures that rely on operative techniques to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease, injury, or deformity. Most procedures require anesthesia, sterile technique, and a structured perioperative pathway that includes preoperative assessment, intraoperative management, and postoperative recovery. Surgeries can be elective, urgent, or emergent and vary in complexity from simple biopsies to multistage reconstructions.

Scope and practice: Surgeons work in hospital operating rooms, clinics, and ambulatory centers, often with multidisciplinary teams that include anesthesiologists, nurses, technologists, and perfusionists in certain specialties. Preoperative planning involves imaging, laboratory tests, risk assessment, and patient consent. Postoperative care focuses on healing, monitoring for complications, and rehabilitation.

Subfields: Major branches include general surgery (abdomen, soft tissue), orthopedic surgery (bones and joints), cardiovascular surgery (heart and vessels), neurosurgery (brain and spine), plastic and reconstructive surgery, pediatric surgery, urology, ENT (otorhinolaryngology), ophthalmic surgery, and dental and maxillofacial procedures. Some specialties are organ-specific, such as transplant surgery and thoracic surgery.

Techniques: Traditional open surgery uses large incisions, while minimally invasive approaches such as laparoscopy, endoscopy, and robotic-assisted surgery aim to reduce tissue trauma. Advances in imaging, anesthesia, and intraoperative monitoring have improved precision and safety. Other techniques include microsurgery, ablative therapies, and reconstructive methods such as grafts and flaps.

Training and regulation: Surgical training typically begins with medical school, followed by a residency in a chosen specialty and, in many jurisdictions, board certification. Ongoing credentialing, continuing medical education, and adherence to safety and ethical standards govern practice.

History: Surgical practice has evolved from ancient procedures to antiseptic techniques in the 19th century, anesthesia, and later decades of minimally invasive and robotic methods, transforming outcomes and patient experience while raising ethical and regulatory questions about access and resource use.