electrovalve

An electrovalve, commonly called a solenoid valve, is a valve whose operation is controlled by an electromagnetic actuator. A coil energizes to create a magnetic field that moves a plunger or armature, opening or closing the flow passage. Electrovalves are available in normally closed or normally open configurations and in several port counts, such as 2-way, 3-way, and 4-way.

Typically the valve consists of a valve body with inlet and outlet ports, a solenoid coil, a movable core, and a seat with seals. Direct-acting designs move the valve seat directly, while pilot-operated types use the solenoid to control a small pilot flow that unseats a larger valve. Materials include brass, stainless steel, and polymers.

Control signals are electrical: alternating or direct current depending on the coil. When energized, the coil draws the core, changing the valve state; when de-energized, a spring or differential pressure returns the valve. Coils are rated for specific voltages (common DC 12/24 V or AC 110/230 V) and may be integrated with controllers or PLCs. Some variants include manual overrides and explosion-proof or intrinsically safe configurations for hazardous environments.

Electrovalves are widely used to regulate liquids and gases in industrial automation, irrigation, HVAC, beverage and water treatment, pneumatic and hydraulic systems, medical equipment, and automotive applications. They enable rapid, remote control of flows, often with tight shut-off and easy integration with sensors, timers, and feedback loops.

Advantages include fast response, compact size, and simple interfaces. Limitations include potential leakage if seals wear, sensitivity to debris, pressure and temperature limits, and heat generated by continuous energization. Selection should consider media compatibility, pressure, voltage, and duty cycle, with provision for filtration and periodic maintenance.