cockroach

Cockroach is a common name for insects in the order Blattodea. The group includes more than 4,600 described species, most of which live in tropical or subtropical environments. Several species are adapted to living with humans and are considered pests, especially in urban areas. The German cockroach (Blattella germanica), American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis), brown-banded cockroach (Supella longipalpa), and Australian cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae) are among the best known pests.

Cockroaches are typically oval, flattened insects with long antennae and legs suited for running. They vary in size and color by species; many have wings, but flight ability is limited in most pest species. They undergo incomplete metamorphosis, from egg to nymph to adult. Females often carry an ootheca, a capsule containing eggs, until just before hatching. Under favorable conditions, populations grow rapidly.

Cockroaches are primarily nocturnal and prefer warm, humid environments. They are omnivorous scavengers and will eat decaying matter, starches, and organic films; they can survive on minimal nutrition for extended periods. They shelter in cracks, behind appliances, and within wall voids. Some species can fly, while others are flightless. They may transmit pathogens by mechanical contact and contribute to allergens that can worsen asthma.

Control focuses on sanitation, exclusion, and measures to reduce moisture, with baits, insect growth regulators, and targeted insecticides used in combination as part of integrated pest management. Eradication is difficult in large infested areas, but populations can be managed with sustained, coordinated efforts.