sanitation

Sanitation refers to the systems and practices that collect, treat, and safely dispose of human excreta and wastewater, as well as the management of solid waste and hygiene promotion. It encompasses infrastructure, services, and behaviors that prevent exposure to waste and reduce disease. Sanitation is a core component of WASH programs and a key driver of public health and environmental protection.

Infrastructure options include centralized sewer networks with treatment plants and on-site solutions such as septic tanks, pit latrines, and composting toilets. Wastewater and fecal sludge require treatment before release or reuse. On-site systems rely on safe emptying and sludge management; off-site systems rely on reliable collection, transport, and treatment.

Effective sanitation reduces transmission of diarrheal diseases, cholera, typhoid, and parasitic infections; protects groundwater and waterways; and supports dignity and safety, particularly for women and girls. It also enables safe use of treated wastewater and biosolids where appropriate.

Global monitoring by WHO and UNICEF tracks access to basic and safely managed sanitation under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 6). Many regions still face gaps due to rapid urbanization, funding shortfalls, governance challenges, and climate impacts. Disparities persist between high-income and low-income areas, and between urban and rural settings.

Strategies include expanding and upgrading infrastructure, improving fecal sludge management, promoting handwashing and hygiene, and engaging communities through behavior-change approaches. Standards emphasize safety, inclusivity, and accessibility, including facilities for people with disabilities and for menstrual hygiene management.