Webcam

A webcam is a video capture device that connects to a computer or network to provide live video. They may be standalone peripheral devices or built into laptops and some tablets and phones. Most webcams include a built-in image sensor, optics, and a microphone, and transmit video via USB or over a network.

History: The first webcam was the Trojan Room Coffee Pot cam at the University of Cambridge, deployed in 1991 to monitor a coffee pot over the campus network. It popularized the concept of using cameras connected to networks for real-time monitoring. In the 1990s and early 2000s, consumer webcams from companies such as Connectix, Logitech, and others helped establish desktop video communication. More recently, webcams have become standard components in laptops and are widely used for video conferencing and livestreaming.

Technology and formats: Most modern webcams use USB interfaces and are Class USB video devices (UVC). They may support resolutions from 480p to 1080p and beyond, with frame rates of 30 to 60 fps. Some include autofocus, auto exposure, low-light correction, and privacy shutters. Audio is typically captured with built-in mics or via external microphones. Video streams may be compressed using codecs such as MJPEG or H.264, depending on the device and software.

Variants and uses: Built-in laptop webcams are common for video calls, while external USB webcams are used for desktop streaming, content creation, and surveillance systems. IP cameras or network cameras operate over Ethernet or Wi‑Fi for remote monitoring. Some models offer high dynamic range, stereo audio, or integration with streaming and conferencing software.

Security and privacy: Webcam access can raise privacy concerns, leading to hardware shutters, indicators, and software controls. Users should keep firmware updated, disable cameras when not in use, and secure networks to prevent unauthorized access.