Varanidae

Varanidae is a family of large to medium-sized terrestrial lizards known as monitor lizards. They are distributed across Africa, Asia, and Oceania, including Australia, and inhabit a wide range of environments from tropical forests and savannas to deserts, mangroves, and coastal regions. The family contains several living genera, most species in the genus Varanus (the monitors), with a large number of described species. Other extant genera include Lanthanotus (the earless monitors, with two species) and Hydrosaurus (the sailfin monitors).

Monitors are typically robust lizards with elongated bodies, strong limbs, and long tails. They possess sharp teeth and highly developed senses, including a sophisticated chemosensory system aided by a forked tongue. Many species are capable, agile predators that stalk and ambush a variety of prey. The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), the largest living lizard, can reach lengths of up to about 3 meters. In some species, venomous secretions in the saliva may contribute to prey immobilization, a trait best known from the Komodo lineage, though the role of venom varies among relatives.

Ecology and behavior: varanids are primarily carnivorous and opportunistic feeders, consuming insects, reptiles, birds, eggs, and small to large vertebrates. Larger species may take substantial prey, including mammals. They are often highly adaptable, capable of climbing, swimming, and traversing diverse terrains.

Reproduction and development: most varanids are oviparous, laying eggs in nests or burrows. Eggs hatch after several months of incubation, producing independent young.

Conservation: habitat loss, hunting, and the pet trade threaten many species. The Komodo dragon is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, while other species range from Least Concern to Near Threatened, with several needing ongoing protection and monitoring.