Serranidae

The Serranidae are a large and diverse family of marine ray-finned fishes in the order Perciformes. They include more than 40 genera and several hundred species, commonly referred to as sea basses and groupers. The family is divided into subfamilies such as Epinephelinae (groupers) and Anthiadinae (anthias). They are distributed in tropical and subtropical seas worldwide, with many species associated with coral reefs but also inhabiting rocky substrates, seagrass beds, and outer shelves. They occur from shallow coastal waters to relatively deep offshore habitats.

Serranids typically have elongated bodies, a large terminal mouth, and a dorsal fin with spines; coloration ranges from drab to vividly patterned, often serving as camouflage. They are predominantly carnivorous, feeding on fish and crustaceans; many are ambush predators. They are commonly solitary or form small territories, though some species exhibit schooling behavior as juveniles or in specific life stages.

Many serranids are protogynous hermaphrodites, meaning individuals begin life as females and may transition to males later. Reproduction often involves spawning aggregations with pelagic eggs and larvae; several species exhibit paternal nest guarding. Juveniles may occupy different habitats than adults, contributing to life-history diversity within the family.

Serranidae includes several species that are important food fishes in tropical regions, notably larger groupers. They also appear in recreational fishing and some are raised in aquaculture. The groups face pressures from overfishing, habitat degradation, and climate change; several species are listed on the IUCN Red List. Sustainable fisheries management and reef protection are relevant to their conservation.

The classification of serranids has evolved; Epinephelinae is typically treated as a subfamily within Serranidae, and some genera formerly placed in Epinephelidae are now included here.