Serranids

Serranids are a diverse family of marine fishes in the order Perciformes, commonly referred to as serranids. The family includes several well known groups, such as groupers (subfamily Epinephelinae), sea basses (Serraninae), anthias (Anthiadinae), and soapfishes (Grammistinae in some classifications). Their taxonomy has undergone revisions as molecular data have clarified relationships among subfamilies and genera.

Serranids are found worldwide in warm and temperate seas, with many species closely associated with coral reefs, rocky substrates, and shelf habitats. They range from small, colorful reef dwellers to large, robust predators. Morphology varies across the family; many have protractile mouths with sharp teeth, and body shapes span slender to deeply compressed forms. Size varies widely, with some groupers reaching substantial lengths, while bright, diminutive anthias are common in reef walls and lagoons.

Ecology and behavior: Serranids are primarily carnivorous, feeding on fishes and invertebrates. Many reef-associated species are territorial or form harem-like social structures. Spawning habits are diverse; in several grouper species, individuals are protogynous hermaphrodites, changing from female to male later in life. Reproduction often involves external fertilization and pelagic larvae, contributing to wide dispersal.

Economic and conservation notes: Serranids are important for commercial and recreational fisheries in many regions. Large, slow-maturing species can be vulnerable to overfishing, and habitat degradation further threatens populations. Some serranids may accumulate toxins such as ciguatoxins, posing considerations for food use in certain areas.