Réttarfarslegum

Réttarfarslegum is the term used in Icelandic to describe the forensic sciences, the application of scientific methods to questions that arise in law and justice. The field involves the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of physical, biological, digital, and documentary evidence in criminal, civil, and administrative cases, with the aim of establishing facts for decision-makers while maintaining rigorous standards.

Key subfields include forensic pathology (inquest into cause and manner of death), toxicology, analytical chemistry of trace materials, DNA analysis, and examination of firearms, tool marks, fibers, and impressions. Digital forensics studies data from computers, phones, and networks. Document examination, questioned-document analysis, and forensic anthropology are also common, along with emerging areas such as forensic imaging and cyber forensics.

Work follows systematic methods, validated procedures, and strict chain of custody. Reports are prepared for use in court and expert testimony is provided to explain findings, uncertainties, and limitations. Ethical guidelines require objectivity, avoidance of bias, and transparent communication.

Development of rettarfarslegum has paralleled advances in biology, chemistry, medicine, and information technology. The field expanded significantly in the 20th century with standardized protocols, quality assurance, and the adoption of DNA profiling, computer-assisted analysis, and automated techniques.

Professionals typically hold degrees in natural or medical sciences and receive specialized forensic training. They may work in public laboratories, universities, or private facilities, and participate in professional societies and continuing education to maintain expertise and credibility.