Operationstechnology

Operationstechnology, commonly abbreviated OT, refers to the hardware and software systems that monitor, control, and optimize industrial processes and physical devices. OT encompasses automation, control networks, and data collection across sectors such as manufacturing, energy, water utilities, and transportation. OT systems are distinct from information technology (IT) in their emphasis on reliability, safety, and real-time operation, often featuring long service lives and stringent regulatory compliance.

Key components of OT include programmable logic controllers (PLCs), distributed control systems (DCS), SCADA systems, remote terminal units (RTUs), human-machine interfaces (HMIs), historians, and field sensors and actuators. These elements form the backbone of process control, asset monitoring, and operational decision making. OT environments typically rely on dedicated, isolated networks, with closed-loop controls and real-time data exchange.

OT is increasingly converging with IT through enterprise integration, IIoT, and cloud applications. This brings advantages in data analytics and cross-site visibility but also introduces cybersecurity and safety challenges. Best practices emphasize defense-in-depth, network segmentation, access controls, asset inventory, and continuous monitoring. Standards and frameworks such as IEC 62443, NIST SP 800-82, and industry-specific guidelines govern risk management and secure operations.

Common protocols and standards used in OT include Modbus, Profibus, Ethernet/IP, OPC UA, and IEC 61850 for power systems, among others. Applications span process automation, energy management, water and wastewater control, and building automation, with ongoing developments in edge computing, predictive maintenance, and digital twins to improve efficiency and resilience.