Mikromcontrollers

Mikromcontrollers, often spelled microcontrollers, are compact integrated circuits that govern specific tasks in an embedded system. They integrate a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals on a single chip, enabling self-contained control of devices such as appliances, sensors and automotive modules. They are designed for low power consumption, small footprint and low cost.

Architecture and features: The processor core can be 8-, 16-, or 32-bit; program memory is usually Flash; data memory is RAM; peripherals include timers, ADC/DAC, and communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C, USB, CAN). Many offer multiple clock sources, sleep modes, and peripheral mapping. Some use Harvard architecture; others share memory.

Development and deployment: Programming is typically in C or C++, with assembly for critical routines. Toolchains include IDEs and compilers from vendor and third parties (MPLAB X, Atmel Studio, Keil, IAR). Programs are loaded to flash via in-system programming. Debugging features include breakpoints, tracing, and live data. Packaging options include DIP, SOIC, and QFN.

Applications: Microcontrollers are used in consumer electronics, automotive controls, industrial automation, medical devices, and Internet of Things sensors. They control blinking LEDs, motor drivers, temperature regulators, and data collection subsystems.

Market and evolution: Since the 1970s, MCU technology progressed from 8-bit devices to 16- and 32-bit cores, with ARM Cortex-M becoming dominant in many applications. Major families include Microchip PIC and AVR, STMicroelectronics STM32, NXP LPC, Renesas RL78, TI MSP430. The ecosystem emphasizes low power, integrated peripherals, and cost efficiency.