tracing

Tracing is the practice of following a path, origin, or sequence to understand how something started, moved through a system, or developed over time. It is used across disciplines to diagnose problems, establish provenance, or build models of complex processes.

In computing, tracing records information about program execution. Distributed tracing collects timing and context as a request passes through multiple services, producing a trace composed of spans that capture individual operations. Traces help identify latency hotspots, service dependencies, and failure modes. Open standards and tools, such as OpenTelemetry, support this approach, and backends store, query, and visualize traces. Instrumentation can be automatic or manual, and sampling balances detail against overhead.

In debugging and profiling, trace data include call stacks, function entries and exits, and event logs. Tracing can reveal performance bottlenecks and faulty control flow, guiding optimization and repair.

Networking uses trace tools such as traceroute to map the path that packets take from a source to a destination. Traces reveal intermediate routers and estimated delays, aiding network diagnosis and capacity planning.

In computer graphics, ray tracing and path tracing simulate light transport to render realistic images. By following rays through a scene and accounting for reflections, refractions, and shadows, these techniques produce high-quality visuals, though at high computational cost.

In biology, tracing refers to lineage or connectivity mapping. Lineage tracing follows cell descendants over time using markers, while neural tracing maps connections between neurons. Tracers may be dyes, genetic labels, or viral markers, chosen for precision and safety.

Ethical and privacy considerations accompany tracing, especially when data about people are involved. Methods continue to evolve with a focus on accuracy, scalability, and protection of subjects.