Maxilloplasty

Maxilloplasty is a surgical procedure aimed at reshaping the maxilla, the upper jaw, to improve function and facial aesthetics. The term encompasses contouring of the maxillary bone, segmental osteotomies to reposition bone segments, reconstruction after trauma or oncologic resection, and, in some contexts, ridge reshaping to facilitate prosthetic rehabilitation. It is performed by plastic surgeons or oral and maxillofacial surgeons and is often part of broader craniofacial or orthognathic treatment plans.

Indications for maxilloplasty include congenital maxillary deformities such as cleft-related anomalies, acquired deformities from trauma or tumor resection, midface hypoplasia with malocclusion, and preparation of the alveolar ridge for dentures or dental implants. The procedure may be used to correct vertical or sagittal discrepancies, or to restore facial balance after loss of bone or tissue.

Techniques vary and may include Le Fort I-type osteotomies with repositioning and fixation, segmental osteotomies to narrow or broaden the maxilla, bone contouring or shaving to achieve a smoother contour, and grafting to fill defects. The procedure may be performed alone or in combination with other orthognathic procedures, and prosthetic rehabilitation may follow once healing permits.

The operation is typically performed under general anesthesia. Postoperative care includes stabilization of the repositioned segments, analgesia, swelling management, and gradual reintroduction of function. Healing spans several weeks to months, with bone union and occlusal stabilization taking longer. Outcomes aim to improve occlusion, midface projection, and facial harmony.

Risks include infection, bleeding, sensory changes (notably to the infraorbital nerve), nonunion or relapse, malocclusion, and general anesthesia-associated risks. Long-term results depend on careful planning, surgical technique, and adherence to recovery protocols.