midface

The midface is the central portion of the face, located between the forehead and the lower jaw. In human anatomy, it typically includes the maxilla and the surrounding bones and soft tissues, extending from the orbital rims to the upper dental arch. Key bony elements include the maxilla, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, and portions of the palatine and lacrimal bones.

A major component within the midface is the maxilla, which houses the upper teeth, forms the floor of the orbit, and contributes to the shape of the upper jaw and the palate. The midface also contains the nasal cavity and the maxillary sinuses; the infraorbital foramen and nerve run in this region. The orbital floor and cheek prominence are delineated by the zygomatic bones. Overlying soft tissues determine midface height and projection.

Developmentally, the midface forms during embryonic facial development through the fusion of facial processes. It contains numerous sutures, including the infraorbital and pterygomaxillary sutures, which allow growth and mobility of the facial skeleton. Variation in midface projection influences facial aesthetics and function.

Clinically, the midface is involved in several conditions and injuries. Midface fractures, such as Le Fort I, II, and III injuries, affect the bones of the midface and may require reconstructive surgery. Midface hypoplasia, cleft lip and palate, and certain congenital syndromes can alter midface structure and function. Orthognathic surgery and Le Fort osteotomies are used to reposition the midface to improve both form and function.

In anthropometry and medicine, the midface serves as a reference region for assessing facial proportions, depth, and projection. Its structure supports breathing, mastication, vision, and the integrity of the nasal airway.