anthropometry

Anthropometry is the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body. It involves collecting data on size, shape, composition, and distribution of body tissues. It is used to describe variation within and between populations, monitor growth and development, assess nutritional status, and inform clinical, industrial, and research applications.

The term derives from the Greek anthropos and metron. In the 19th century Adolphe Quetelet introduced the concept of the “average man” and laid the groundwork for statistical descriptions of human size. Since then, anthropometry evolved with standardized protocols and organizations like the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) for kinanthropometry, and large-scale surveys that compiled reference data.

Core measurements include stature (height), body mass, and body mass index; circumferences such as waist and limb girths; skinfold thickness to estimate fat mass; bone breadths; and limb lengths. In some cases, volume estimation is also pursued. Tools include a stadiometer, a calibrated scale, an anthropometer or calipers, and measuring tapes. Advanced techniques such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or bioelectrical impedance are used for more detailed body composition assessments. Protocols emphasize standardized positioning, repeated measurements, and quality control, with data often compared to reference datasets.

Applications and ethics: Anthropometry informs clinical assessment, growth and nutritional monitoring, ergonomics and product design, sports science, occupational health, and forensic anthropology. Large databases support public health and epidemiology as well as design standards. Ethical considerations include informed consent, privacy, data protection, and minimizing potential stigma or misuse of measurement data.