occlusal

Occlusal refers to the contact relationship between the upper and lower dental arches and, more specifically, to the chewing surfaces of the teeth that meet during biting and chewing. In dentistry, the term also describes which teeth touch and how they touch when the jaws are closed, as well as the pattern of contact during movement.

The occlusal surfaces are the ridged chewing surfaces of the posterior teeth (molars and premolars) and the incisal edges of the anterior teeth. These surfaces are shaped to facilitate grinding, cutting, and guiding jaw movement. The overall arrangement is described in relation to the occlusal plane, an imaginary reference plane used in dental analysis and treatment planning. Occlusion involves the coordination of tooth position, jaw relation, and the functioning temporomandibular joints and associated muscles.

Key concepts include centric occlusion and dynamic or eccentric occlusion. Centric occlusion is the habitual contact of opposing teeth when the mandible is in a stable, functional position. Dynamic occlusion describes tooth contacts that occur during movements such as chewing, grinding, and lateral or protrusive motions.

Occlusal disorders can affect comfort and function. Malocclusion refers to misalignment of teeth or jaws, including open bites, deep bites, crossbites, and crowding. Occlusal trauma results from excessive or imbalanced forces, leading to wear facets, tooth tenderness, or mobility. Management may involve occlusal analysis, orthodontic treatment, occlusal adjustment (equilibration), bite splints or night guards, and restorative or prosthetic procedures to restore harmony of the bite.