MagenDarmReflux

MagenDarmReflux describes the backward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus and, in some cases, into the upper digestive tract. The term is often used to refer to gastroesophageal reflux in general, and when symptoms or mucosal damage are persistent, it is commonly called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Some contexts include reflux reaching the throat or voice box, known as laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Causes and risk factors include dysfunction or relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, anatomical factors such as a hiatal hernia, and increased intra-abdominal pressure from obesity or pregnancy. Delayed gastric emptying, certain foods and beverages, and medications that relax the LES can also contribute. Lifestyle factors such as smoking and stress may worsen symptoms.

Symptoms typically include heartburn and regurgitation, especially after meals or when lying down. Some people experience chest pain, dysphagia, or a sour taste. Extraesophageal manifestations can include chronic cough, hoarseness, throat clearing, and asthma-like symptoms. The severity ranges from mild, infrequent symptoms to chronic disease with complications.

Diagnosis is usually based on history and response to treatment. Endoscopy is used when alarm features are present or to assess potential complications. Ambulatory pH monitoring and impedance testing can quantify reflux. Esophageal manometry may be employed before considering surgical options.

Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications, such as weight reduction, dietary adjustments, elevated head of the bed, and avoiding late meals. Pharmacotherapy commonly includes proton pump inhibitors as first-line therapy, with H2 receptor antagonists, antacids, and alginates as adjuncts. Refractory cases may require prokinetics or surgical approaches (eg, Nissen fundoplication) or endoscopic therapies. Potential complications include esophagitis, esophageal stricture, Barrett’s esophagus, and, rarely, esophageal adenocarcinoma.