laryngopharyngeal

The laryngopharynx, also known as the hypopharynx, is the lower portion of the pharynx located behind the larynx. It extends from the level of the epiglottis and adjacent aryepiglottic folds inferiorly to the upper esophageal sphincter at the level of the cricoid cartilage, where it becomes continuous with the esophagus. Its lateral walls contain the piriform recesses, spaces that lie beside the laryngeal inlet and play a role in directing swallowed material into the esophagus. The laryngopharynx is enclosed by the pharyngeal constrictor muscles and is bordered superiorly by the oropharynx and inferiorly by the esophagus.

Histologically, the mucosa of the laryngopharynx is lined predominantly by stratified squamous epithelium, a protective adaptation for the friction of swallowing. The mucosa and muscles are supplied by the pharyngeal plexus, which includes contributions from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) nerves; motor fibers primarily innervate the pharyngeal constrictors, while sensory fibers convey information from the mucosa.

Blood supply is provided mainly by branches of the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, with venous drainage into the pharyngeal venous plexus and the internal jugular system. Lymphatic drainage targets the deep cervical and retropharyngeal lymph nodes, reflecting its role as a conduit between the oropharynx and the esophagus.

Clinically, the laryngopharynx is involved in conditions such as laryngopharyngeal reflux, which can cause throat irritation and dysphagia, and hypopharyngeal cancers, which often present with persistent sore throat, dysphagia, or weight loss. Its anatomy also predisposes to foreign bodies lodging in the pyriform recesses.