Lenkrad

Lenkrad, in English steering wheel, is a circular control device mounted on the steering column of a road vehicle that the driver uses to steer by applying torque to the steering mechanism. It serves as the primary interface between the driver and the vehicle’s steering system.

Construction and function: A Lenkrad typically consists of a metal frame covered with padding and a rim material such as leather, vinyl, or synthetic composites. The wheel’s size and shape vary; common rims are about 360–400 mm in diameter. Sports and performance models may use a smaller diameter or a flat-bottom (D-shaped) wheel to improve leg clearance and steering leverage. The central hub connects to the steering shaft and often houses the horn and, in modern cars, the driver's airbag.

Technology and controls: Modern vehicles use power-assisted steering, commonly electric or hydraulic, which reduces the steering effort. Some systems are steer-by-wire, where steering input is translated into electronic signals rather than a direct mechanical link. The wheel often includes integrated controls for indicators, wipers, audio, phone, and cruise control, especially in contemporary cars.

Safety and regulations: Many steering wheels incorporate an airbag in the center and are designed to absorb energy in a crash. The wheel and its mounting are tested for crashworthiness, and standards vary by market. Racing and performance contexts may use detachable quick-release hubs and specialized steering wheels.

History and usage: The Lenkrad gradually replaced the tiller in the early days of motor vehicles and became common in the first decades of the 20th century. Today it remains the principal control for steering in most road vehicles, with ongoing evolution in ergonomics, feedback, and safety.