Ergonomika

Ergonomika, or ergonomics, is the interdisciplinary science focused on designing tools, tasks, and environments to fit human capabilities and limitations. It aims to optimize safety, performance, comfort, and well-being by considering physical, cognitive, and organizational factors in the design of work systems and products.

The field covers a broad range of domains, including workplace design, consumer products, software interfaces, and service processes. Physical ergonomics deals with body size, strength, posture, and biomechanics; cognitive ergonomics addresses mental workload, perception, memory, and decision making; organizational ergonomics focuses on work systems, shift patterns, teamwork, and communication.

Common methods in ergonomika include ergonomic analysis using anthropometric data, biomechanical assessment, task and workflow analysis, usability testing, and participatory design with end users. International standards such as ISO 9241 (ergonomics of human-system interaction) and ISO 6385 (principles of ergonomic design) provide guidelines for usability and safety in design processes.

Applications are widespread, from office furniture, computer interfaces, and keyboard layouts to vehicle interiors, industrial tools, and healthcare environments. Examples include adjustable chairs, sit-stand desks, ergonomic keyboards, and control panels designed to minimize strain, reduce errors, and support accurate operation.

Outcomes of good ergonomika practice include reduced risk of musculoskeletal disorders, improved productivity, and higher user satisfaction. Ongoing challenges involve accommodating aging and diverse user populations, integrating new technologies, and balancing cost with long-term health and efficiency benefits. Future directions emphasize inclusive design, human-centered automation, and wearable or context-aware tools to support safe and effective human–system interaction.