Diklofenaatti

Diklofenaatti, known in English as diclofenac, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the phenylacetic acid derivative class. It is used to relieve pain and inflammation and to reduce fever. It exists as diclofenac in various salt forms, including sodium diclofenac and diclofenac potassium, and as topical formulations such as diclofenac gel or cream; other forms include ophthalmic solutions and rectal suppositories.

Mechanism of action: Diklofenaatti inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, leading to reduced synthesis of prostaglandins. This produces analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The onset of relief depends on the formulation: oral forms typically begin to act within an hour or two, while topical products act locally with lower systemic exposure.

Uses: It is used for a range of painful and inflammatory conditions, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis; acute musculoskeletal injuries; dental and postoperative pain; menstrual cramps; and acute gout. It is also used for acute treatment of migraine in some settings.

Dosing and forms: Dosing depends on the formulation and condition. Common oral tablets contain 25–50 mg, with regimens often ranging from 50 mg two to three times daily to a total daily dose around 150–200 mg, adjusted for the ailment and patient factors. Topical products are applied as directed on the label. Patients should follow prescribed directions and consult a clinician for long-term use.

Safety and precautions: Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal upset, heartburn, and nausea. There is an increased risk of peptic ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding, cardiovascular events, kidney injury, and liver toxicity with NSAIDs, especially with long-term use. Hypersensitivity reactions and photosensitivity can occur. Diklofenaatti is generally avoided in active peptic ulcers, significant kidney or liver disease, and in certain pregnancy stages. Interactions can occur with other NSAIDs, anticoagulants, steroids, and some antidepressants.