Competence

Competence is the demonstrated ability to perform a task or role to a defined standard. It encompasses knowledge, skills, and the appropriate attitudes or behaviors necessary to apply them effectively in real-world contexts. Unlike raw knowledge or isolated skills, competence implies reliable performance under typical conditions.

Competence is often distinguished from related terms. Skill refers to a demonstrated proficiency in a specific activity; knowledge is information and understanding; capability is a broader potential to perform across contexts, while competence is the proven ability to meet established criteria.

Frameworks for competence commonly describe multiple domains, such as cognitive (thinking and decision making), functional (technical tasks), social or behavioral (communication and collaboration), and sometimes meta-competences (self-regulation, learning how to learn). Performance criteria and evidence requirements define what counts as competent.

Assessment of competence uses standards-based methods, including examinations, practical or performance assessments, portfolios, simulations, and 360-degree feedback. Development occurs through education, training, on-the-job experience, mentoring, and deliberate practice, with ongoing verification of competence as roles or contexts change.

Applications appear in education, professional regulation, and human resource management. Competence frameworks align curricula, licensing, recruitment, and career progression with observable performance. Because competence is context-dependent and evolves with technology and practice, continuous learning and reassessment are common expectations.