Columbidae

Columbidae is a bird family in the order Columbiformes, comprising pigeons and doves. It includes more than 300 species across about 40 genera and is distributed worldwide, from tropical forests to urban environments. The name derives from Latin columba, meaning dove or pigeon.

Columbids are generally medium-sized, with stout bodies, short necks, and relatively small heads. They typically have broad wings and soft plumage, often with iridescent neck feathers in some species. Size ranges from small fruit doves to the large Victoria crowned pigeon, and many species are strong, fast fliers adapted to long-distance travel.

Ecology and behavior: Columbids feed mainly on seeds and fruits, with some nectar-feeding in tropical habitats. They swallow food and regurgitate crop milk to feed their hatchlings; both parents participate in incubation and care. Nests are usually simple platforms of twigs placed in trees or on ledges, and clutches commonly consist of one to two eggs.

Taxonomy and evolution: The family is divided into several subfamilies and includes a wide range of genera such as Columba and Zenaida. The rock dove (Columba livia) and the mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) are familiar representatives. The extinct dodo (Raphus cucullatus) and its relatives were pigeons within Columbidae. The group is largely cosmopolitan, with many species closely associated with human-modified landscapes.

Relationship with humans: Pigeons have long been kept or trained for messaging, racing, and food, and they appear in culture and symbolism. Conservation status varies; while many species are common, some are threatened by habitat loss, hunting, and collisions with man-made structures.