Columbiformes

Columbiformes is an order of birds that includes pigeons and doves. It comprises the family Columbidae, the pigeons and doves, which are widespread across the world and inhabit a variety of environments, from forests and grasslands to urban areas.

Description: Columbiformes species are typically plump with short necks and round heads. They have a stout bill with a fleshy cere, short wings, and strong flight for bursts of speed. Feet are generally anisodactyl, with three toes pointing forward and one backward. Many species are medium-sized and have predominantly muted plumage, though some show iridescent neck feathers in males.

Distribution and habitat: They are found almost worldwide, avoiding Antarctica and some arid regions. They occupy woodlands, savannas, wetlands, and cities, often feeding on the ground or in low vegetation.

Diet and feeding: Their diet consists mainly of seeds and fruits, with some taking grains and buds. They lack teeth and swallow food whole. They drink by tipping their head into water and gulping.

Reproduction and life cycle: Columbids are generally monogamous. Clutches usually consist of one or two eggs. Both parents incubate for roughly two to three weeks, and the hatchlings feed on crop milk produced by the parents. Chicks fledge after several weeks.

Taxonomy and human use: The order is represented by a single living family, Columbidae, including genera such as Columba and Streptopelia. The domestic pigeon, Columba livia, is a well-known descendant. Pigeons have been kept for meat, kept as pets, or used for messaging and racing.

Conservation: Status varies by species; many are common, but several pigeons and doves are threatened or restricted to specific habitats.